Elimination of Corruption in the WA (Western Australia) Police Force E

WA (Western Australia) Police Force began their chapter in history of Australian Policing in 1829 when few constables were appointed to patrol Perth and Fremantle. The first woman police officer was appointed in 1917 for some specialised services until they were fully incorporated in 1970s (WA Police, 2011). Today WA Police mans 2.5 million square kilometres which is the largest single jurisdiction (WA Police, 2011). Currently WA Police force is under a lot of scrutiny due to numerous corruption charges against the police officers. The public has a negative perception of police force and they no longer feel secure, neither do they trust the police force to keep them safe. Issue – Corruption Probable Causes of Corruption – Different things motivate different people. Some can motivate people to perform beyond expectations and some can lead astray from moral and ethical values. When dealing with corruption, first question to ask or to clarify is what corruption is. NSW Research (2002) describes corruption anything from gaining materialistically by virtue of position (for eg. getting a special discount at stores) to engaging in ‘direct criminal activities’ (eg. selling drugs). Newburn (1999) believes that there is a thin line between the definition of ‘corrupt’ and ‘non-corrupt’ activities as at the end, it is an ethical problem. For common people, however, bribery generalises corruption. Different researches and enquiry commissions have come up with different reasons as to why corruption prevails in the police force. We will look at some of the most probable causes which apply to WA Police. Decision Making – Police officers have considerable decision making powers at their own discretion. This is true for low ranki... ...at WA Police will try to achieve. Consolidate Improvements – After a while it may seem that the change is successful, but it doesn’t takes long for the old methods to creep in. Therefore, although we should celebrate success, there cannot be slackness in the change process. New ways of evaluation and monitoring should be carried out to check the credibility of the success. Every effort should be made to find any chink in the new armour of cultural change and to repair it. Institutionalize Change in Organisational Culture – One important question is when does the process end. The successful culmination of change process is when the objectives of that process become a part of the daily organisational culture. When the next generation of management takes over, the objectives should be a part of the whole organisation and not just a single process or department. Elimination of Corruption in the WA (Western Australia) Police Force E WA (Western Australia) Police Force began their chapter in history of Australian Policing in 1829 when few constables were appointed to patrol Perth and Fremantle. The first woman police officer was appointed in 1917 for some specialised services until they were fully incorporated in 1970s (WA Police, 2011). Today WA Police mans 2.5 million square kilometres which is the largest single jurisdiction (WA Police, 2011). Currently WA Police force is under a lot of scrutiny due to numerous corruption charges against the police officers. The public has a negative perception of police force and they no longer feel secure, neither do they trust the police force to keep them safe. Issue – Corruption Probable Causes of Corruption – Different things motivate different people. Some can motivate people to perform beyond expectations and some can lead astray from moral and ethical values. When dealing with corruption, first question to ask or to clarify is what corruption is. NSW Research (2002) describes corruption anything from gaining materialistically by virtue of position (for eg. getting a special discount at stores) to engaging in ‘direct criminal activities’ (eg. selling drugs). Newburn (1999) believes that there is a thin line between the definition of ‘corrupt’ and ‘non-corrupt’ activities as at the end, it is an ethical problem. For common people, however, bribery generalises corruption. Different researches and enquiry commissions have come up with different reasons as to why corruption prevails in the police force. We will look at some of the most probable causes which apply to WA Police. Decision Making – Police officers have considerable decision making powers at their own discretion. This is true for low ranki... ...at WA Police will try to achieve. Consolidate Improvements – After a while it may seem that the change is successful, but it doesn’t takes long for the old methods to creep in. Therefore, although we should celebrate success, there cannot be slackness in the change process. New ways of evaluation and monitoring should be carried out to check the credibility of the success. Every effort should be made to find any chink in the new armour of cultural change and to repair it. Institutionalize Change in Organisational Culture – One important question is when does the process end. The successful culmination of change process is when the objectives of that process become a part of the daily organisational culture. When the next generation of management takes over, the objectives should be a part of the whole organisation and not just a single process or department.

Dialectical Theory

Interpersonal relationships have been the subject of research and discussion for many centuries. Whether a relationship lasts or breaks depends so much on how the parties involved respond to the emerging challenges and how they respond to issues. According to the dialectic theory, all relationships undergo tensions which often result into contradictions. It is how the parties engaged in a relationship respond to tensions that shapes the way parties will handle tensions. For a husband and wife in a marriage or a boyfriend and girl friend in a love affair, the knowledge of the underlying assumptions of the dialectic theory is fundamental. This essay looks into the impact of dialectical tensions in relationships, the management of tensions in relationships and finally the strategies those in relationships can adopt to deal with tensions. The writer incorporates personal experience of tensions to expound and make clearer the points deliberated. Autonomy This is the desire to be independent in the things that you set out to do and also in your entire life. It occurs regardless of the closeness or intimacy that one has established with his/her partner or even with other people. The need to be autonomous in a relationship may lead to conflicts since your partner expects you to cooperate and do everything together inclusive of sharing ideas and experiences. Individual identity This refers to the process of trying to understand oneself in a better way. It involves making attempts of stabling ones weaknesses and strengths so that one can be able to his/her living grounds. It can result to tensions in a relationship in that on the process of trying to understand yourself your weaknesses may outweigh your strengths and this may bring about doubts on the side of tour partner. Change This is the desire to acquire and sustain variety for example in a relationship. It can be both positive and negative whereby negative change brings about much tension in a relationship. This refers to turning against the plans and agreements that were entered into during the beginning of the relationship. Desire for Separation This refers to the strong need to part ways with your partner may be because of inevitable circumstances like a job or due to existence of varied decisions between the partners whereby none wants to give in to each other’s decisions. This leads to tensions in a relationship and it can even yield into a divorce. Varied approaches- this refers to use of different means and ways to solve problems or address issues in the relationship by the partners. The partners may therefore have a lot of disagreements and this strains and puts tensions to the relationship. Privacy- this refers to the tendency of keeping things to oneself. The partners may decide not to disclose anything to each other and this really puts a lot of tension to the relationship since open-ness is not practiced. I have been in an intimate relationship for the past five years. Although there have been fundamental communication differences, at least the theory of dialectical tensions has been evident through out. There have been tensions which require to be solved constantly. First of all, my partner is from a different religious background, very committed and totally unyielding to compromise. Constantly the practices and doctrines he advocates are against my personal beliefs. On the other hand, I am reserved and although religious, I am not overly given into religiosity as was the case with my partner. Dialectical tensions are manifested in that, while my partner desires to have a baby I do not and often it is a subject of debate, something which has been going on and on for the last three years. Although both of us have learnt how to balance the tensions, it has taken quite a number of strategies and a good measure of effort. First of all, we had to agree on how many kids we were going to have if any. Secondly, we were in different careers with different goals in life. The prospects of marriage and therefore of having to raise a family together implied that one or both of us had to make quick changes to career path and it turned out to be me. This obviously was the last thing I had anticipated for and my family members as well as close friends were very much against such a decision. So a decision had to be made and for that matter very fast. To achieve a balance of the contradictions I had to balance between what I wanted for my relationship versus what my friends and family wanted for me. I also had to balance between the career and the prospects of changing as well as the cost that goes with raising a well rounded family. I also had to balance between being faithful and obedient to my spouse and being truthful to myself. Integration/separation. The fact that I was changing career paths in order to be together with my spouse meant that, I was undergoing a major dilemma as far as sacrificing my identity was concerned. We were going to integrate into marriage and therefore someone if not both of us needed to make some sacrifices. I made some. In terms of the advice and discouragement from my friends, I had to ignore their pleas. This was a separation in that, my decision which was final was against their advice and therefore a separation resulted. Stability/change. Having underwent several relationships which were all intimate, switching or at least breaking one and later forming another was a change in itself. This resulted into stability tension in that. Every time I entered into a relationship, I never wanted to break it even if it seemed like it was not headed into a marriage. There was and imminent fear of life without this and that partner and this was a major cause of stability tension for me. Expression/privacy. This tension has continued to grip me to date, disclosing to my partner something has never been easy especially when the consequences are not clear and are unpredictable. In my current relationship, I am the private one while my partner is the open one. While my partner can virtually open up about any issue however damaging or secret, I always find myself struggling to do that. It takes a lot of pestering to get information out of me especially when I consider the information potentially damaging. Strategies of responding to the above tensions. The strategies discussed here are real and have worked for me. In my relationship whereby the partner and I have major differences, including religious beliefs, I had to select to hang by my feelings and choice of action. It was not going to join my partners bandwagon and subscribe to the religious sect he belonged to. This eventually worked as he later accepted my choice. If I had acted in order to please him, I was going to suffer. I would have just sacrificed too much for nothing. In that, my strategy worked. By sticking to my position but still maintaining the relationship, I learnt how to cope with the tension of differences. In all other relationships before marriage, I ended up adopting separation strategy hence the reason why I would break up if a relationship was not working. Reaffirmation to me was not an ideal strategy in my relationship, although I hold the view that, it is applicable in cases whereby a spouse may be sickly but however serious the condition, the loved ones look up to the person getting well one day. In some cases it could be that, a relationship is abusive and a partner keeps on promising that they will change although actually nothing ever happens. Reframing again for me is a strategy I use in my current situation whereby I look at the demands of my relationship differently and therefore gives a new meaning to every contradiction. The tension of having to change career path so as to marry was a dialectical tension I overcame using the reframing strategy. Conclusion. Dialectical theory is very much effective for relationships and I would suggest it to all of the buddies out there who are undergoing hard times in their relationships. From the meanings to the strategies, an in-depth solution to tensions is offered. Therefore theoretical theory is an ideal alternative to solving crisis in relationships.

Robber Barons Or Industrial Giants. In The Late19Th And

Robber Barons or Industrial Giants In the late19th and early 20th centuries, a severely divided, 100-year old nation called the United States of America, underwent major transformations that would forever change America and the world. The cause of the changes was America’s Industrial Era, which began roughly eleven years after the Civil War ended. The industrialization of America could not have started and continued without big money, and the leaders and financiers of the movement were capitalists. Capitalists were men who had accumulated massive fortunes, such as John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, and Andrew Carnegie, and they used their money to make more money, while at the same time industrializing America. These men, and others like†¦show more content†¦Rockefeller. They honestly state that as a petroleum refiner, Mr. Rockefeller forced his smaller competitors to sell out to him, or he forced them to shut down by undercutting their prices. To further their point, disapproving authors say this strat egy decreased competition, because it enabled the capitalists to acquire new companies and form â€Å"trusts†, which in reality were monopolies. While their disapproval of such activities is apparent, the information the writers provide is a valuable part of history. In contrast, writers who approve of the progress of industrialization in America will pay homage to the business tycoons, and refer to them as â€Å"captains of industry† or industrial giants. They are quick to point out that â€Å"while the [industrialization leaders’] practices weren t viewed as ethical, most of the 19th century †¦ barons didn t commit any illegal acts†1. To elaborate on the previous statement, it is important for history readers to remember that this was a time in America when the government was trying to rebuild a nation that was suffering the devastating effects of the Civil War. Therefore, when the industrial movement began, it brought new problems on a large scale that previously did not exist. Consequently, government laws and regulations regarding business practices did not exist either. As an example, Andrew Carnegie, â€Å"who led the expansion of the steel industry in the late 19th century†1 was able

The Effects Of Punishments Versus Rewards On Tardiness At...

Reminders and Rewards: Decreasing Tardiness Leaving for Work All people behave inappropriately at times. A child may interrupt his or her elder or an adult may curse in a frustrating situation at work; however, when inappropriate behaviors become chronic and produce consistent negative outcomes, an action plan may need to be put in place to modify unacceptable behaviors. Behavior change is often necessary when a person is unable to reach a specified target behavior on his or her own. In such cases interventions can be put into place to achieve the target behavior. Gresham, Washer, and Skinner (2001) indicate that using Functional Behavioral Assessments to determine the why of a behavior is a best practice in determining appropriate interventions as types of interventions vary greatly. One type of intervention is rewarding desirable behavior. Kosakowski (1998) utilized an ABA reversal design study that examined the effects of punishments versus rewards on tardiness to gym class among ninety 8th grade students. Student tardiness to class was observed and recorded for five days with no attempt to correct the behavior. Quantitative data were taken regarding the number of students to enter class after the tardy bell had finished ringing. After the baseline observation teachers held students accountable to school tardiness policies (punishment) for five days. In the third phase, negative reinforcement was withdrawn and students were only observed. The next interval involvedShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ Management Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology 14 †¢ Social Psychology 14 †¢ SociologyRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesTRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT Socializing, Orienting, and Developing Employees 182 Managing Careers 208 PART 5 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 MAINTAINING HIGH PERFORMANCE Establishing the Performance Management System 230 Establishing Rewards and Pay Plans 260 Employee Benefits 286 Ensuring a Safe and Healthy Work Environment 312 PART 6 Chapter 14 LABOR–MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENTS Understanding Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining 340 Endnotes 367 Glossary 389 Company Index 395

Swot Analysis Of Apple Inc. - 1226 Words

SWOT Analysis of Apple, Inc. Roberta Jones MGT450: Strategic Planning for Organizations Date Submitted Dr. Levith 8/15/16 SWOT Analysis of Apple, Inc. Company Overview: Apple Incorperated Apple Inc. was co-founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak on April 1, 1976 (Johnson, 2012). Originally, the duo sought to develop a simple micro-computer board that could be offered to small and businesses. However, since its conception, Apple exhibited unprecedented growth in the ICT industry with its initial products, including Apple I, Apple II and Macintosh becoming the first commercially successful personal computers that assisted Apple to develop into a profitable, well-regulated firm that has come to be today. Today, the company focuses on the design, manufacture and marketing of a wide variety of consumer electronic products, including personal computers, smartphones, and portable music players, coupled with related computer software, applications, services and peripherals (Laugesen Yuan, 2010). Apple has global supply chain with more than 250 retail stores distributed worldwide (Johnson et al., 2012). Starting with delivering music only, Apple has ventured into other entert ainment content such as videos, television shows, films as well as audio books that are distributed via its ITunes Store (West Mace, 2010). The current market environment features significant market players with relatively stronger and long established brands such as Microsoft, IBM, Google, Amazon,Show MoreRelatedSwot Analysis Apple Inc.1455 Words   |  6 PagesSWOT Analysis: Apple Inc. 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Bill Cosby Essay Essay Research Paper Bill free essay sample

Bill Cosby Essay Essay, Research Paper Bill Cosby William Henry Cosby, Jr. was born at 3:00 A.M. on July 12, 1937, in North Philadelphia s Germantown Hospital ( Herbert and Hill 21 ) . Bills parents, William and Anna Pearl Cosby, were childhood sweeties. They migrated North during the depression for a better life. Bill had three younger brothers, James, Russel, and Robert. James died when Bill was eight old ages old ( Herbert and Hill 21 ) . During Bill s childhood, his household was typically lower category. Money was neer plentiful in the Cosby family. However, a roof was ever over their caputs, nutrient on the tabular array, and a warm topographic point to kip ( Herbert and Hill 22 ) . Since welding occupations were scarce, Bills male parent had a difficult clip seeking to happen work. Before long, he sought safety in the bottle. As his imbibing became more chronic the senior Cosby would roll off for yearss and hebdomads at a clip. Bill said, He would go forth place many times. He would go forth when the rent was due or come place penniless on payday, cursing to my female parent that he had been robbed, and go forth once more. Once he vanished merely before Christmas and we didn Ts have a cent ( Herbert and Hill 22 23 ) . The household finally had to travel to where the rent was lower. They ended up being crammed into a bantam two-bedroom flat in the Richard Allen Homes, a low-income undertaking in the hapless black subdivision of Philadelphia ( Concord 12 ) . After the tough times of Cosby s childhood, he decided to acquire a occupation at the age of 11. Cosby s occupation was a clerk at a local food market shop. He worked from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. during the hebdomad and 6 a.m. to 9 p.m. on Saturdays, for merely $ 8.00 a hebdomad ( Herbert and Hill 24 25 ) . During Christmas, the Cosby male childs would observe Christmas by sitting at the kitchen tabular array without their female parent, who had to pass the vacations working. Cosby remembers, We didn Ts have adequate socks for our pess, allow entirely any trim 1s to hang ( Herbert and Hill 24 25 ) . However, Bill holds no resentment about those hard turning up old ages. Because of his childhood Bill has admitted to holding an compulsion with remaining out of debt. Even with the sort of life he had as a kid, Bill is exceptionally gifted and bright. In faculty members, nevertheless, he was an underperformer, and he received a batch of awful study cards to turn out it. Cosby dropped out of school in 1956 when he was forced to reiterate the ten percent class. He tried to happen employment in Philadelphia, but it barely proved successful. Cosby, like his male parent, decided to fall in the U. S. Navy in 1956. He decided to go a member of the U. S. Navy Track Team. He excelled in the 220 yard low hurdlings, the discuss, and the javelin. However, he excelled most of all in the high leap. He set a personal best of 6 5. When Cosby was approaching the age of 23, he decided to drop out of the Navy and follow his instruction. P > Cosby s instruction included traveling to Temple University where he excelled in hoops and football. Emlen Tunnell, a former professional football participant for the Green Bay Packers and the New York Giants, told Cosby that he had the possible to go a professional football participant ( Concord 19 21 ) . Cosby said, If I didn t do it good at Temple, I knew what waited for me was a life-time as a waiters assistant or mill manus ( Concord 27 ) . Cosby took a occupation as a barman where he became known for a repertory of sidesplitting anecdotes that he shared with his clients in his sophomore twelvemonth at Temple ( Herbert and Hill 43 44 ) . Cosby finally began to inquire if he could gain a life by stating gags. Encouraged by his audience s response, Cosby became known as a serious pupil of comedy. In add-on to analyzing his ain technique, Cosby worked to hone his trade by detecting other cartoon strips during their public presentations at the nearby Green Wich Club. Cosby so decide d to retreat from Temple. His determination left his female parent heartbroken. Bill s female parent said, When Bill quit college I was so unhappy it made me ill. For six hebdomads I walked back and Forth, room to room, inquiring myself, why? Why? ( Ziegler 47 48 ) . After dropping out of college, Cosby married Camille Hanks on January 25, 1964. Cosby had five kids: their names are Erika, Erin, Ensa, Evin, and Ennis. Harmonizing to Cosby, all of his kids s names begin with an Tocopherol because it is a manner of reminding them each twenty-four hours throughout their lives that E stands for excellence ( Ziegler 57 ) . Cosby s boy Ennis died in 1997 while altering a tyre on a Los Angles expressway ( Concord 32 33 ) . Turning up through an overpowering childhood, Cosby became the first African American to star in a Television play. Cosby received unfavorable judgment for showing a comedy that showed a black individual who acted merely like a white individual did ( Herbert and Hill 37 ) . Cosby frequently placed his character in a place that had him seeking to learn a lesson to others. Cosby s first commercial aired in 1974. Jell-o hired him to publicize Jell-o pudding in a series of telecasting commercials. Cosby has served as spokesman for Coca-Cola, Dutch Masters, The Ford Motor Company, E.F. Hutton, Kodak, and Texas Instruments ( Herbert and Hill 52 ) . Cosby s awards are 4 Emmys, 8 Grammy s, a NAACP Image Award, and a member of the Hall of Fame Academy of Television Humanistic disciplines and Sciences. Cosby received his doctors degree in instruction in May of 1976 ( Concord 44 ) . Cosby and his married woman, Cammile donated 20 million dollars to Spelman College, the elect black adult female s college in Atlanta on November 1988. Forbes magazine listed Cosby deserving 20 billion dollars, the richest comedian of all time ( Herbert and Hill 54 55 ) . Today Cosby is one of the most well-known and well-thought-of comics of all clip. He is looked up to and admired by people of all ages and races. 328

Infectious Disease Prevention and Management -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theInfectious Disease Prevention and Management. Answer: Analysis Of The Risk Factors For The Spread Of Infectious Disease In The Gold Coast Commonwealth Games, 2018 Gold Coast environment in relevance to infectious disease The XXI Commonwealth Games (2018) is scheduled in Gold Coast in Queensland, Australia, and will be the fifth Commonwealth Game hosted by Australia. The game start on April 4th, and has provisioned the accommodation of 6600 athletes and officials in the form of an athletes village comprising of 1252 houses, 1170 apartments and 82 townhouses in Southport. As a result, there will be an enormous influx of people (athletes, audiences, dignitaries) in the city, and therefore increasing the chances of introducing infectious disease into the community. If not checked and controlled properly, a potential outbreak scenario can ensue due to the influx, and can jeopardize the public health as well as the health of the visitors. It is therefore vital to identify the diseases most prevalent in the city, and the diseases that can potentially be favored by the environmental conditions of Gold Coast. Identifying the pathogenicity and etiologies of these communicable diseases can allow the implementat ion of preventative measures to control disease outbreaks/spreads. Gold Coast has a humid subtropical climate. The winters are warm (average of 25 to 29 degree Celsius) and hot and humid summers (average 23 to 27 degree Celsius with 106% to 121 % humidity) (Surfers Paradise Forecast, 2017). This can provide a good sustainable environment for different kinds of pathogens that exists or can be introduced to Gold Coast. Currently, the Gold Coast environment has seen the prevalence of different types of infectious diseases like diseases borne of contaminated food or water, diseases carried by mosquito (like Dengue), Viral Zoonotic Disease (like Australian Bat Lyssavirus or Q fever), Influenza, and infections (like meningococcal disease). Tick borne disease like Lyme disease has shown several incidences in Australia (Tick Borne Diseases | Gold Coast Hyperthermia Dr Craig Thompson Integrative GP, 2017). Some of the more relevant diseases in Gold Coast are Mosquito Borne diseases (like Dengue and Zika), and Influenza. As per Gold Coast Bulletin (August 26th, 2017), have reported an increased number of Influenza infections, with teenagers between 10 and 19 years being at the highest risk Statistics from Gold Coast Hospital Health Services shows a 20% increase (520 cases in a week) in the incidence of Influenza (Coast fully sick as flu numbers soar, 2017). Similarly Mosquito borne disease like Zika, have also been reported before. Presumably the Aedes aegypti (Dengue mosquitoes) can pick up the Zika virus from an infected traveler, and spread it (Zika virus | Queensland Health, 2017). Infrastructure related to infection control and management The infrastructure applicable to/ associated with Infection Control and Management Plan (ICMP) enables better management of communicable diseases, and its treatment. The infrastructure can be comprised of an Infection Prevention Team, Long Term Care Facilities and Hospital Surveillance of Health Associated Contagion. ICMP is a standard design aimed for reduction or prevention of infectious diseases in regards to healthcare services for patients, healthcare professionals working in the facility as well as individuals who can get infected in the facility. The declared healthcare facilities includes public hospitals, blood banks, occupational therapists, dental clinic, pathology laboratories, podiatry clinic, acupuncturists, specialist practice clinic, physiotherapists, speech therapists, pharmacies, hyperbaric medicines, aboriginal healthcare services, dermatology service, pharmaceuticals, nursing service, optometrists, correctional service, diabetes educators, radiological and diagnos tic imaging services, stem cell transplant service and Chinese medicines. Infection control program involves components like basic measures for infection control; education, training of healthcare workers; protecting the health of people through the processes of immunization; health hazard identification and risks mitigation; conducting routine activities and practices and effective work practices; surveillance; monitoring of incidence; investigation of outbreaks; research and controlling infections in specific situations (Poff, Browning, 2014). An Infection Control Committee acts as a forum for sharing information and allows a multidisciplinary input and help, and should include representatives from a wide variety of professions like management, healthcare workers, pharmacies, clinical microbiologists, housekeeping, sterilization services, maintenance and training services. They should be able to review and commend surveillance and prevention activities, identify scope of intervention from surveillance data, promote better health practice and assess the existing practice standards, ensuring proper training of staff in the domains of infection control and management. Quarantine Centers are applicable in conditions to stop further spread of the disease, by isolating the infected cases from non infected individuals. The quarantine centers will allow a safe study of the remedy and treatment, while ensuring safety for the population and health workers (Drazen et al., 2014). Vaccination protocols can allow preventative measures, providing protection to healthcare providers and to public. The vaccines help to build up immunity against diseases, and therefore is an important measure of disease prevention and managing (Vaccines, 2017). Surveillance allows proper reporting of infection incidences. Infection investigation done in accordance of CDC definition, can allow effective identification of the prevalent diseases, and thereby formulate a control. Major infectious diseases of concern and their relevant etiology and epidemiology. Influenza: Also called the flu is caused by influenza virus. This ailment is characterized by symptoms like fever, sore throat, runny nose, muscular pains, coughing, and fatigue. Flu can be caused by different strains (A, B or C) of the Influenza virus. Flu cases in Australia are mostly caused by strains A and B. Out of these 2, only Influenza A is known to have caused pandemics. The spread of the virus can be in 3 different ways: direct transmission (when mucus from the infected person directly contacts the mucosa of the healthy person), airborne transmission (caused by inhaling droplets of moisture containing the virus), and through contaminated objects/ vehicles. Children are generally more prone to infection than adults. Estimates show that an average of 13,500 hospitalizations and 3,000 mortalities in Australia each year due to influenza. The worst affected are the patients suffering from chronic conditions like lung disease, asthma, cardiac disease, kidney disease, blood disorder, obesity and endocrine dysfunction (Colds and flu statistics, 2017). Surveillance reports from Australia in 2017 also provide the following information: The infections reached its peak activity in mid August. The confirmed cases of infection, reported to NNDSS (National Notificable Diseases Surveillance System) being 2.5 times compared to last year. The currently dominant strain of influenza virus, prevalent in Australia is the type a strain. The highest incidence of infection have been found among adults aged 80 and above, and the second highest incidence among children between 5 to 9 years. Even though in 2017 the number of mortality cases due to influenza showed an increase and is consistent with the rise in the reported cases and not necessarily due to an increased severity of the disease (List of notifiable conditions | Queensland, 2017). The Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing estimated a total of 231,645 laboratory confirmed cases of influenza in Australia in 2017 (till November) (Immunisation Coalition, 2017). Figure 1: Statistics for Influenza in Australia; source: (Immunisation Coalition, 2017) Dengue: This disease is spread by mosquitoes, and caused by the Dengue Virus pathogen. The typical symptoms associated with the disease are fever, headache, nausea and painful joints. The symptoms can often develop into acute symptoms that are life threatening like hemorrhagic fever, bleeding, low platelet count, leakage of plasma, and shock that can cause acute low blood pressure (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). A sudden onset of fever is a characteristic of dengue. Infection course can be divided into three discrete phases: febrile, critical and recovery. During the first phase- the febrile phase, a high fever occurs (typically above 40 degree Celsius) associated with muscular pain and headache lasting for a week. Nausea and vomiting are also common apart from rashes and flushed skin. The fever can be biphasic, and shows frequent relapse. The critical phase starts as the fever goes down, and there can be leakage of plasma from the blood vessels which can last for a couple of days, causing fluid accumulation in the thoracic and abdominal cavities and can also cause dehydration, loss of fluid, reduced blood to organs, and bleeding from the Gastro Intestinal tract. A dengue shock can ensure due to these conditions, and can be fatal. The recovery phase occurs next, and is evidenced by the reabsorption of the fluids back into the circulatory system. The improvement can be associated with a lowered heart rate, itching and peeling of the skin. A fluid overload can also occur due to the increased volume of blood, and can affect the brain causing seizures. The disease is spread by the mosquito Aedes aegypti, and the virus has 4 different strains (1, 2, 3, and 4). Infection with one strain of the virus can cause immunity to only that strain, thereby still exposing the individuals to infections by the other strains in the future ("Department of Health | Australian Influenza Surveillance Report and Activity Updates", 2017). The mosquitoes bite by the day, and the disease has an incubation period of 3-14 days. The majority of the mosquito borne disease in Gold Coast is caused due to the salt marsh mosquitoes. Freshwater bodies created due to heavy rainfall also provide the ideal breeding grounds for the mosquitoes. High tides exceeding 1.6m in the Gold Coast Seaway also triggers the breeding of the mosquitoes, thereby increasing the prevalence of mosquito borne diseases ("City of Gold Coast | Mosquitoes", 2017). However, reports from January 2017 shows a record high number (in 20 years) of reported cases of dengue in Australia (Butt, 2017) Currently, the mosquito causing dengue is only found in the North, Central and Southwest Queensland. Outbreaks have occurred each year in Queensland, and the outbreaks generally start when an individual is infected with the virus while travelling overseas, and thereby introducing the pathogen into the country ((Faddy, Viennet, Flower McBride, 2017). As per WHO there were 662 laboratory conformed cases of Dengue in Australia, as of July 31st, 2017 (World Health Organization, 2017). This shows a reduction in the reported cases compared to previous years. Figure 2: Reported cases of Dengue; source: (World Health Organization, 2017) Infectious disease health services capacity and critical control points The health services for Infectious disease control ensure proper prevention of communicable diseases and prevent disease outbreaks. The service policies provide critical control points to check the outbreaks/spread of disease by analyzing the mode and path of infection. These control points are: Immunization: This is the process of aiding an individuals immune system to recognize a pathogen or immunogenic, building an immune memory of it. Immunization saves approximately 2-3 million lives every year from preventable diseases like diphtheria, tetanus, rubella, polio, mumps, pneumococcal diseases, tetanus, Pertussis, measles, hepatitis B and Haemophilius influenza type B. The vaccination program can involve strategies like: vaccination for all children, documentation of all vaccinations, free vaccinations and revaccinations incase of outbreak of diseases (Immunization, 2017). In addition, compulsory vaccination can also be implemented against certain diseases that shows prevalence. Screening: It allows identification of individuals who have been infected or exposed to the pathogen. It allows the treatment to be commenced in a timely manner, manage the co morbidities with more affectivity, help to reduce high risk behaviors for the disease, identify the necessity for any compulsory treatment plans. A quick and successful identification can also lower the rate of transmission thereby improving the success rate of disease management. Legal Framework and Mandatory Disclosure Laws: Penalizing non compliance to public health orders or for behaviors that can cause risk to public health allows prevention of activities that can jeopardize health of the public, and ensure personal responsibilities related to health. The laws also ensure compliance by healthcare providers to adhere to the strict protocols and methods that can foster well health of the population, and prevent outbreaks (Chen, Levonyan, Reinhart Taksler, 2014). Isolation/Quarantine: In case of serious outbreaks, it is often challenging to identify the correct source and the carriers. Due to this evacuation and closure of public places can be helpful to stop the spread of the disease. A proper quarantine protocol, combined with decontamination practices can ensure the safety of the people, in particular the economically vulnerable (Drazen et al., 2014). Role of transport access in affecting risk of infectious disease transmission: Infectious diseases can be transmitted by various methods, and therefore public health services aims to minimize transmission of the diseases. Enteric diseases can spread through water or food, and contamination of water supplies can result in diseases like diarrhea, jaundice and cholera. Diseases like Dengue, Malaria, Yellow Fever or Zika Virus are spread by mosquitoes. Prevalence of mosquitoes can hence be associated with prevalence of the diseases borne by them. Similarly, diseases like Influenza can be spread by direct or indirect contact, or by mucosal discharge, as does common cold and small pox. As we understand that a huge influx of people are likely to occur during the commonwealth games, 2018, there will be an elevated risk of retransmission of diseases during that time. Overcrowding can also elevate the risks of influenza spreading out of the country and diseases like Dengue and Zika entering the country from foreign individuals (Rahman, Harley Plummer, 2017). Therefore it is of utmost importance that the mode of transmission of these diseases be understood clearly, and proper precautionary and intervention measures be used to prevent their outbreak or to contain them. Preventing access to the vehicles of the disease can in effect prevent the spread, and ensure the continued protection of public health and foster a general well being among the public. References: Butt, C. (2017).Dengue fever cases hit 20-year high in Australia.The Sydney Morning Herald. 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